1. Emerald

Mineral (rock) name: the main mineral is jadeite, can contain hornblende, albite, chromite, sodium chromium pyroxene, diopside, omphene, zeolite and so on.

The internal structure is a crystalline aggregate, often fibrous, granular or partially columnar aggregate. Glass gloss to grease gloss. Mohs hardness: 6.5~7. Density: 3.34( 0.06,-0.09)g/cm3. Refractive index: point measurement is usually 1.66. Two groups of complete cleavage, the aggregate visible tiny cleavage surface flash, known as "emerald".

2. Nephrite jade (Hetian jade)

Mineral (rock) name: tremolite and aspergite composition, mainly tremolite.

The internal structure is a crystalline aggregate, often a fibrous aggregate. Glass gloss to grease gloss. Mohs hardness: 6~6.5. Density: 2.95( 0.15,-0.05)g/cm3. Refractive index: point measurement method is 1.60~1.61. The most representative nephrite is Hetian jade.

3. Opal

Mineral (rock) name: opal.

The internal structure is amorphous. Glass gloss to resin gloss. Mohs hardness: 5~6. Density: 2.15( 0.08,-0.90)g/cm3. Refractive index: usually 1.42~1.43. The special optical effect is a variable color effect.

4. Agate

Mineral (Rock) Name: Quartz.

Transparent-opaque, cryptocrystalline quartz aggregates with concentric layers, rings or bands, may contain a small amount of hematite, goethite, chlorite, mica and other minerals. Fibrous structure, granular structure; sometimes holes are visible, sometimes fine-grained quartz crystals are visible between the bands and in the holes. Mohs hardness: 6.5~7. Density: 2.60( 0.10,-0.05)g/cm3. Refractive index: point 1.53 or 1.54. Common colors are red, yellow, gray, white, green, etc. and a variety of color combinations, sometimes visible halo effect. The polished surface is often glassy, and the section is often greasy and waxy.

5. Chalcedony

Mineral (Rock) Name: Quartz

Transparent-slightly transparent, dense and fine texture of aphanite quartz aggregate, can contain a small amount of hematite, goethite, nickel talc, silicon malachite, etc. Fibrous structure, granular structure. Mohs hardness: 6.5~7, density: 2.60( 0.10,-0.05)g/cm3. Common colors are grayish white, yellow, red, green, blue, purple, etc. The polished surface is often glassy, and the section is often greasy and waxy.

6, wood stone (tiger eye stone, eagle eye stone)

Mineral (rock) name: the main mineral is quartz.

A cryptocrystalline-metamorphic quartz aggregate formed by silica replacement asbestos fibers may contain a small amount of minerals such as sodic amphibole, goethite, and hematite. Mainly fibrous structure, sometimes visible granular structure. The common colors are golden yellow, brown yellow, gray blue, green blue, etc. Among them, the wood aledone with yellow tones such as golden yellow and brown yellow can be called "tiger eye stone", and the wood aledone with blue tones such as gray blue and green blue can be called "eagle eye stone". Mohs hardness: 7. Density: 2.64g/cm3~2.71g/cm3. Refractive index: point measurement method is 1.53 or 1.54. Micro-transparent-opaque. Polished surface is often silk luster, glass luster, section is often waxy luster. Common cat-eye effect.

7. Quartz rock jade (Dongling stone)

Mineral (rock) name: quartzite, the main mineral is quartz, can contain mica minerals and hematite, goethite and so on.

Transparent-opaque, dense crystalline quartz aggregate, usually with a quartz particle size of 0.02 mm-2 mm, may contain a small amount of hematite, goethite, mica, kaolinite, etc. granular structure. Common colors are yellow, red, white, green, black, etc. Mohs hardness: 7. Density: 2.64g/cm3~2.71g/cm3. Refractive index: point measurement is usually 1.54. The polished surface is often glassy, and the section is often greasy and waxy. Quartzite jade with placer effect can be called "Dongling stone".

8. Serpentine (Xiuyu)

Mineral (rock) name: serpentine, the main mineral is serpentine.

The internal structure is a crystalline aggregate, often in the form of fine-grained lobes or fibers. Waxy luster to glass luster. Mohs hardness: 2.5~6. Density: 2.57( 0.23,-0.13)g/cm3. Refractive index: 1.560~1.570( 0.004,-0.070).

9. Dushan Jade

Name of mineral (rock): The main constituent minerals are plagioclase (anorthite) and zoisite.

The internal structure is a crystalline aggregate, often a fine-grained dense block. Glass gloss. Mohs hardness: 6~7. Density: generally 2.90g/cm3. Refractive index: 1.560~1.700.

10. Charoshi

Mineral (rock) name: the main composition of minerals for the purple silicon alkali calcium stone, can contain neon pyroxite, feldspar, silicon titanium calcium potassium stone and so on.

The internal structure is crystalline aggregate, massive and fibrous aggregate. Glass luster to waxy luster. Mohs hardness: 5~6. Density: 2.68( 0.10,-0.14)g/cm3, due to different ingredients. Refractive index: 1.550~1.559(± 0.002), varies with composition.

11. Albite Jade

Name of mineral (rock): Albite is the main constituent mineral.

The internal structure is a crystalline aggregate, amplifying a fibrous or granular structure.. Grease gloss to glass gloss. with complete cleavage. Mohs hardness: 6. Density: 2.60g/cm3~2.63g/cm3. Refractive index: point measurement method is usually 1.52~1.53.

12. Rosebroxite

Name of mineral (rock): The main minerals are rosopyroxene and quartz, and vein-like and dot-like black manganese oxide stains.

The internal structure is a crystalline aggregate, often a fine-grained block aggregate. Glass gloss. Mohs hardness: 5.5~6.5. Density: 3.50(+0.26,-0.20)g/cm3, decreases with increasing quartz content. Refractive index: point measurement is often 1.73, often containing quartz can be as low as 1.54.

13. Atinolite

Mineral (rock) name: the main mineral is the stone.

The internal structure is crystalline aggregates, often fibrous crystalline aggregates. Gloss: glass gloss. Mohs hardness: 5~6. Density: 3.00(+0.10,-0.05)g/cm3. Refractive index: 1.63(± 0.01) by point measurement.

14, Bi Shi

Name of mineral (rock): hydrous silicate.

Slightly transparent-opaque aphanocrystalline quartz aggregate, can contain more hematite, green scale, goethite, clay minerals and other impurity minerals. granular structure. Common colors are red, green, yellow, white, purple, etc., which can be a single color or a combination of multiple colors. Common grease luster, waxy luster.

15. Turquoise

Mineral (rock) name: turquoise.

The internal structure is usually a block or shell-like cryptocrystalline aggregate. Waxy luster to glass luster. Mohs hardness: 5~6. Density: 2.76(+0.14,-0.36)g/cm3. Refractive index: point measurement is usually 1.61.

16. Lapis Lapis

Mineral (rock) name: the main minerals are lapis lazuli, sodalite and bluestone, secondary minerals are calcite, pyrite, sometimes containing diopside, mica, hornblende and other minerals.

The internal structure is a crystalline aggregate, often in granular structure, massive granular structure, often containing calcite, pyrite and so on. The polished surface is glassy to waxy luster. Mohs hardness: 5~6. Density: 2.75(± 0.25)g/cm3. Refractive index: about 1.50 on average, sometimes up to 1.67 due to calcite.

17. Malachite

Mineral (Rock) Name: Malachite.

The internal structure is crystalline aggregates, often fibrous aggregates, visible skin-like structure striped, concentric ring structure. Silk luster to glass luster. Mohs hardness: 3.5~4. Density: 3.95(+0.15,-0.70)g/cm3.

18, silicon malachite

Mineral (rock) name: silicon malachite.

The internal structure is cryptocrystalline or gelatinous aggregate, which is milky, crusty and earthy. It is often used as a chromogenic agent in chalcedony. Waxy luster, with ceramic appearance, glass luster, earthy luster. Mohs hardness: 2~4, sometimes up to 6 +. Refractive index: about 1.50 by point measurement.

19, the grape stone

Mineral (rock) name: grape stone.

The internal structure is crystalline aggregates, often in the form of plate, sheet, grape, kidney, radial or massive aggregates, magnified fibrous structure, radial arrangement. Glass gloss. Mohs hardness: 6~6.5. Density: 2.80g/cm3~2.95g/cm3. Refractive index: 1.616~1.649(+0.016,-0.031), point measurement is usually 1.63.

20, marble.

Mineral (rock) name: the main mineral is calcite, there can be dolomite, magnesite, serpentine, chlorite and other minerals.

The internal structure is a crystalline aggregate, and the magnified examination shows a granular structure, showing three groups of cleavage development; or flake (plate) structure; or fibrous structure. Glass gloss to grease gloss. Mohs hardness: 3. Density: 2.70(± 0.05)g/cm3. Refractive index: 1.486~1.658. Special properties: hydrochloric acid foaming.

21. Shombozite

Name of mineral (rock): Szmite.

The internal structure is a crystalline body or a crystalline aggregate. Glass gloss to sub-glass gloss. Mohs hardness: 4~5. Density: 4.30( 0.15)g/cm3. Refractive index: 1.621~1.849. Special properties: hydrochloric acid foaming.

22. Rhodochrosite

Mineral (rock) name: the main mineral is rhodochrosite.

The internal structure of the crystal body or crystal aggregate, magnified inspection can see the strip, layer grain structure. Glass gloss to sub-glass gloss. Mohs hardness: 3~5. Density: 3.60(+0.10,-0.15)g/cm3. Refractive index: 1.597~1.817(± 0.003). Special optical effects: hydrochloric acid foaming.

23. Silicified wood

Mineral (rock) name: the main mineral is quartz.

A cryptocrystalline-crystal quartz aggregate formed by silica metasomatism trees may contain a small amount of opal, organic matter, etc. Translucent-opaque. Granular structure, fibrous structure, visible wood grain, bark, nodule, cavity and other characteristics. Common colors are yellow brown, brown red, gray white, gray black and so on. The polished surface is often glassy, and the section is often waxy, sometimes visible grease.

24. Dolomite

Mineral (rock) name: dolomite.

The internal architecture is a crystalline body or crystalline aggregate. Glass luster to pearl luster. Mohs hardness: 3~4. Density: 2.86g/cm3~3.20g/cm3. Refractive index: 1.505~1.743. Special properties: hydrochloric acid foaming.

25. Fluorite

Mineral (rock) name: fluorite.

Magnified inspection of common color bands, two-phase or three-phase inclusion, visible cleavage is triangular development. Common colors: green, blue, brown, yellow, pink, purple, colorless, etc. Glass gloss to sub-glass gloss. Mohs hardness: 4. Density: 3.18(+0.07,-0.18)g/cm3. Ultraviolet fluorescence: varies with different varieties, generally with strong fluorescence, can be phosphorescent.

26, water calcium aluminum garnet

Name of mineral (rock): hydrocalumenite, which can coexist with Fuushan stone.

Zoom in to inspect common black dot packets. Polished surface: glass luster; fracture: grease luster to glass luster. Mohs hardness: 7. Density: 3.47(+0.08,-0.32)g/cm3. Refractive index: 1.720(+0.010,-0.050).

27. Talc

Mineral (rock) name: talc.

Magnified examination often contains vein-like, plaque-like adulterants, feel smooth. Waxy luster to grease luster. Mohs hardness: 1~3. Density: 2.75(+0.05,-0.55)g/cm3. Refractive index: 1.540~1.590(+0.010,-0.002).

28, silicon boron calcium stone

Mineral (rock) name: silicon boron calcium stone.

Magnification inspection: birefringence line, gas-liquid inclusion. Glass gloss. Hardness: 5~6. Density: 2.95(± 0.05)g/cm3. Refractive index: 1.626~1.670(-0.004).

29, hydroxy silicon boron calcium stone

Mineral (rock) name: hydroxy silicon boron calcium stone, also known as soft boron calcium stone.

The internal structure is a crystalline aggregate, often a massive aggregate. Glass gloss. Mohs hardness: 3~4. Density: 2.58(-0.13)g/cm3. Refractive index: point measurement is usually 1.59.

30. Sodalite

Mineral (rock) name: the main mineral is sodalite.

The internal structure is crystalline body or crystalline aggregate, and white veins are common for magnification inspection. Glass gloss to grease gloss. Mohs hardness: 5~6. Density: 2.25(+0.15,-0.10)g/cm3. Refractive index: 1.483(± 0.004). Special properties: in case of hydrochloric acid erosion.

31. Hematite

Mineral (rock) name: hematite.

The internal structure is crystalline aggregates, often massive, granular, radial aggregates. Metallic luster. Serrated fracture with weak luster. Mohs hardness: 5~6. Density: 5.20(+0.08,-0.25)g/cm3. Refractive index: 2.940~3.220(-0.070). Stripe and fracture surface is usually reddish brown.

32. Natural glass (glass meteorite, volcanic glass)

Mineral (rock) name: glass meteorite, volcanic glass (obsidian, basaltic glass).

The magnified examination shows round and elongated bubbles, flowing structures, crystal inclusion bodies common in black flare rocks, and needle-like inclusion bodies. Glass gloss. Mohs hardness: 5~6. Refractive index: 1.490( 0.020,-0.010).

33. Bloodstone

Mineral (rock) name: the main minerals are: cinnabar, open stone, kaolinite, pyrophyllite.

The internal structure is a crystalline aggregate, compact and massive, magnified examination: "blood" is fine or granular, distributed in pieces or sporadically in the "ground. earthy luster, waxy luster to glass luster. Mohs hardness: 2~3. Density: 2.53g/cm3~2.68g/cm3 average 2.61g/cm3. Refractive index: "ground" about 1.56 (point method).

34. Shoushan Stone (Tianhuang)

Mineral (rock) name: the main minerals are: Dekaiite, kaolinite, pearl clay, illite, pyrophyllite and so on.

The magnified examination shows a dense massive structure, with microscopic scale-like structure from cryptocrystalline to fine grain. Among them, Tianhuang or some puddles often have special "radish grain"-like stripe structure. Soil luster, polished surface is waxy luster or grease luster. It has a shell-shaped fracture. Mohs hardness: 2~3. Density: 2.5g/cm3~2.7g/cm3. Refractive index: 1.56 (point side method).

35. Qingtian Stone

Mineral (rock) name: the main minerals are dekaiite, kaolinite, pyrophyllite and so on.

The internal structure is crystalline aggregate, compact and massive, which can contain blue, white and other spots. Glass luster, lumpy grease luster. Mohs hardness: 1~1.5. Density: 2.65g/cm3~2.90g/cm3. Refractive index: 1.53~1.60.

36. Brucite

Mineral (rock) name: brucite.

The internal structure is crystalline aggregates, often in the form of sheet or plate aggregates. Glass luster, with pearl luster on the cleavage surface. Mohs hardness: 2~3. Density: 2.38g/cm3~3.40g/cm3. Refractive index: 1.57.

37. su jishi

Mineral (rock) name: silicon iron lithium sodium stone.

The internal structure is a crystalline aggregate. Wax luster to glass luster. Mohs hardness: 5.5~6.5. Density: 2.74(± 0.5)g/cm3. Refractive index: 1.61 (point measurement).

38. Heteropole

Mineral (rock) name: heterogeneous ore.

The internal structure is mostly monoclinic. Glass luster, with pearl luster on the cleavage surface. Mohs hardness: 4~5. Density: 3.40g/cm3~3.50g/cm3. Refractive index: 1.614~1.636.

39. Mica

Mineral (rock) name: mica.

The internal structure is a crystalline body or a crystalline aggregate. Glass luster, with pearl luster on the cleavage surface. Mohs hardness: 2~3. Density: 2.2g/cm3~3.4g/cm3. Refractive index: 1.54~1.61.

40, needle sodium lime stone

Mineral (rock) name: needle soda lime stone.

The internal structure is crystalline or crystalline aggregate, often with a dense needle-like or fibrous structure. Glass luster, or silk luster. Mohs hardness: 4~4.5. Density: 2.89( 0.09,-0.07)g/cm3. Refractive index: 1.60 (point measurement). Copper-bearing needle-sodalite is known as seagrain.

41. Chlorite

Mineral (rock) name: chlorite.

The internal structure is a crystalline body or a crystalline aggregate. Glass luster, with pearl luster on the cleavage surface. Mohs hardness: 2~3. Density: 2.6g/cm3~3.4g/cm3. Refractive index: 1.57.

42. Silicified Coral

Mineral (rock) name: the main mineral is quartz.

A cryptocrystalline-crystal quartz aggregate formed by silica metasomatism coral, which may contain a small amount of opal, calcite and other minerals. Translucent-opaque. Granular structure, fibrous structure, visible coral concentric radial characteristics. Common colors are yellow and white, gray, yellow brown, orange red, etc. The polished surface is often glassy, and the section is often waxy.